Comparatively, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) states that amounts up to 400–600 mg per day appear to be safe for consumption, without any evidence of adverse effects when consumed below this threshold, whereas rapid ingestion of 1200 mg of caffeine appears to the upper end of the threshold for toxic effects, such as seizures or cardiovascular complications. While the prevalence of energy drink consumption has increased steadily in young adults from 0.5% to 5.5% during the span of 2003–2016, this consumption rate is still far below that of coffee, another popular caffeinated beverage, in which over half of the US population regularly consumes on a daily basis (mean intake: 54 g per day (~2.5 cups)), making up a majority of their daily caffeine intake and equating to a mean caffeine intake of 233 mg per day. Initially marketed towards young, active adults, these drinks are now regularly consumed by adolescents, young and older adults, athletes, and military personnel, with consumption rates tending to be higher in males compared with females. Historically, energy drinks first emerged to the market within the US in the late 1990s. Similarly, energy “shots” are another commonly consumed pre-packaged beverage offering a similar ingredient profile, albeit in condensed versions, often with serving sizes of 3 oz. Zero-calorie or sugar-free versions of each drink are commonly available commercially. with 1–2 servings commonly found in a pre-packaged can and typically contain a combination of caffeine, vitamins, amino acids, electrolytes, and herbal extracts. These ready-to-drink beverages often come in serving sizes of 8–16 oz. Energy drinks are commonly marketed to consumers with purported benefits of increased energy and alertness reduced sensations of fatigue enhanced physical performance increased metabolic activity and a plethora of other physiological, metabolic, cognitive, and performance benefits. Recently, annual energy drink sales have experienced tremendous growth, with estimated sales amounting to USD 2.8 billion in 2015 and sales up to USD 12 billion in 2020 (, accessed on 15 September 2021). These products are considered a functional beverage, a category that also includes sports drinks and nutraceutical beverages. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a high prevalence of caffeine and B-vitamins in these energy products, with many of the formulations containing well above the recommended daily value of B-vitamins.Įnergy drinks are one of the most popular packaged beverage products consumed within the United States (US). The number of ingredients per product (mean ± SD) was 18.2 ± 5.7, with 15 products containing proprietary blends with undisclosed ingredient amounts. Results: Twenty energy shots and fifty-five energy drinks were included in this analysis. Energy shots must have met similar criteria to be included: (A) marketed as an energy shot (B) purported to improve energy, focus, or alertness (C) sold as a dietary supplement (D) manufactured as a pre-packaged beverage with a small volume (<3.5 mL) and (E) contains at least three of the ingredients stated above. For the purpose of this study, an energy drink must have met the following criteria: (A) marketed as an energy drink (B) purported to improve energy, focus, or alertness (C) not sold as a dietary supplement (no supplement fact panels) (D) manufactured as a pre-packaged and ready-to-drink beverage and (E) contains at least three of (1) caffeine, (2) B-vitamins, (3) sugar, (4) taurine, (5) creatine, (6) quercetin, (7) guarana, (8) ginseng, (9) coenzyme Q10, or (10) branched chain amino acids.
Methods: The top 75 commercially available energy drinks and shots were identified and compiled from multiple commercial retail websites as of September 2021. Purpose: The focus of the current study was to examine the nutrition fact panels of the top selling commercially available energy drink and energy shot products within the US to characterize common ingredient profiles to help establish a standard definition and ingredient profile of energy drinks and energy shots for consumers, health care practitioners, and researchers. Energy drinks are considered a functional beverage, a category that also includes sports drinks and nutraceutical beverages. Background: Energy drinks are one of the most popular packaged beverage products consumed within the United States (US).
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